Fix ToggleBorderlessFullscreen() Not Hiding Taskbar (#5383)

* Use glfwSetWindowMonitor instead of Pos and Size GLFW functions

* Fix window not resetting properly when toggling out of fullscreen, formatting

CHANGELOG

@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ Detailed changes:
 [rtext] ADDED: SetTextLineSpacing() to define line breaks text drawing spacing by @raysan5
 [rtext] RENAMED: LoadFont*() parameter names for consistency and coherence by @raysan5
 [rtext] REVIEWED: GetCodepointCount(), ignore unused return value of GetCodepointNext by @ashn-dot-dev
-[rtext] REVIEWED: TextFormat() warn user if buffer overflow occured (#3399) by @Murlocohol
+[rtext] REVIEWED: TextFormat() warn user if buffer overflow occurred (#3399) by @Murlocohol
 [rtext] REVIEWED: TextFormat(), added "..." for truncation (#3366) by @raysan5
 [rtext] REVIEWED: GetGlyphIndex() (#3000) by @raysan5
 [rtext] REVIEWED: GetCodepointNext() to return default value by @chocolate42

examples/core/core_window_flags.c

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ int main(void)
     */
 
     // Set configuration flags for window creation
-    //SetConfigFlags(FLAG_VSYNC_HINT | FLAG_MSAA_4X_HINT | FLAG_WINDOW_HIGHDPI);
+    //SetConfigFlags(FLAG_VSYNC_HINT | FLAG_MSAA_4X_HINT | FLAG_WINDOW_HIGHDPI);// | FLAG_WINDOW_TRANSPARENT);
     InitWindow(screenWidth, screenHeight, "raylib [core] example - window flags");
 
     Vector2 ballPosition = { GetScreenWidth()/2.0f, GetScreenHeight()/2.0f };

examples/shapes/shapes_ball_physics.c

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ int main(void)
                 pressOffset.y = mousePos.y - ball->pos.y;
 
                 // If the distance between the ball position and the mouse press position
-                // is less or equal the ball radius, the event occured inside the ball
+                // is less than or equal to the ball radius, the event occurred inside the ball
                 if (hypot(pressOffset.x, pressOffset.y) <= ball->radius)
                 {
                     ball->grabbed = true;

examples/shapes/shapes_double_pendulum.c

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ int main(void)
     SetConfigFlags(FLAG_WINDOW_HIGHDPI);
     InitWindow(screenWidth, screenHeight, "raylib [shapes] example - double pendulum");
 
-    // Simulation Paramters
+    // Simulation Parameters
     float l1 = 15.0f, m1 = 0.2f, theta1 = DEG2RAD*170, w1 = 0;
     float l2 = 15.0f, m2 = 0.1f, theta2 = DEG2RAD*0, w2 = 0;
     float lengthScaler = 0.1f;

examples/shapes/shapes_penrose_tile.c

@@ -16,14 +16,18 @@
 *
 ********************************************************************************************/
 
+#include "raylib.h"
+
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <math.h>
-#include "raylib.h"
 
-#define STR_MAX_SIZE 10000
-#define TURTLE_STACK_MAX_SIZE 50
+#define STR_MAX_SIZE            10000
+#define TURTLE_STACK_MAX_SIZE      50
 
+//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Types and Structures Definition
+//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 typedef struct TurtleState {
     Vector2 origin;
     double angle;
@@ -40,162 +44,21 @@ typedef struct PenroseLSystem {
     float theta;
 } PenroseLSystem;
 
+//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Global Variables Definition
+//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 static TurtleState turtleStack[TURTLE_STACK_MAX_SIZE];
 static int turtleTop = -1;
 
-void PushTurtleState(TurtleState state)
-{
-    if (turtleTop < TURTLE_STACK_MAX_SIZE - 1)
-    {
-        turtleStack[++turtleTop] = state;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        TraceLog(LOG_WARNING, "TURTLE STACK OVERFLOW!");
-    }
-}
-
-TurtleState PopTurtleState(void)
-{
-    if (turtleTop >= 0)
-    {
-        return turtleStack[turtleTop--];
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        TraceLog(LOG_WARNING, "TURTLE STACK UNDERFLOW!");
-    }
-    return (TurtleState) {0};
-}
-
-PenroseLSystem CreatePenroseLSystem(float drawLength)
-{
-    PenroseLSystem ls = {
-        .steps = 0,
-        .ruleW = "YF++ZF4-XF[-YF4-WF]++",
-        .ruleX = "+YF--ZF[3-WF--XF]+",
-        .ruleY = "-WF++XF[+++YF++ZF]-",
-        .ruleZ = "--YF++++WF[+ZF++++XF]--XF",
-        .drawLength = drawLength,
-        .theta = 36.0f // in degrees
-    };
-    ls.production = (char*) malloc(sizeof(char) * STR_MAX_SIZE);
-    ls.production[0] = '\0';
-    strncpy(ls.production, "[X]++[X]++[X]++[X]++[X]", STR_MAX_SIZE);
-    return ls;
-}
-
-void DrawPenroseLSystem(PenroseLSystem *ls)
-{
-    Vector2 screenCenter = {GetScreenWidth()/2, GetScreenHeight()/2};
-
-    TurtleState turtle = {
-        .origin = {0},
-        .angle = -90.0f
-    };
-
-    int repeats = 1;
-    int productionLength = (int) strnlen(ls->production, STR_MAX_SIZE);
-    ls->steps += 12;
-    
-    if (ls->steps > productionLength)
-    {
-        ls->steps = productionLength;
-    }
-    
-    for (int i = 0; i < ls->steps; i++)
-    {
-        char step = ls->production[i];
-        if ( step == 'F' )
-        {
-            for ( int j = 0; j < repeats; j++ )
-            {
-                Vector2 startPosWorld = turtle.origin;
-                float radAngle = DEG2RAD * turtle.angle;
-                turtle.origin.x += ls->drawLength * cosf(radAngle);
-                turtle.origin.y += ls->drawLength * sinf(radAngle);
-                Vector2 startPosScreen = {startPosWorld.x + screenCenter.x, startPosWorld.y + screenCenter.y};
-                Vector2 endPosScreen = {turtle.origin.x + screenCenter.x, turtle.origin.y + screenCenter.y};
-                DrawLineEx(startPosScreen, endPosScreen, 2, Fade(BLACK, 0.2));
-            }
-            repeats = 1;
-        } 
-        else if ( step == '+' )
-        {
-            for ( int j = 0; j < repeats; j++ )
-            {
-                turtle.angle += ls->theta;
-            }
-            repeats = 1;
-        } 
-        else if ( step == '-' )
-        {
-            for ( int j = 0; j < repeats; j++ )
-            {
-                turtle.angle += -ls->theta;
-            }
-            repeats = 1;
-        } 
-        else if ( step == '[' )
-        {
-            PushTurtleState(turtle);
-        } 
-        else if ( step == ']' )
-        {
-            turtle = PopTurtleState();
-        } 
-        else if ( ( step >= 48 ) && ( step <= 57 ) )
-        {
-            repeats = (int) step - 48;
-        }
-    }
-
-    turtleTop = -1;
-
-}
-
-void BuildProductionStep(PenroseLSystem *ls)
-{
-    char *newProduction = (char*) malloc(sizeof(char) * STR_MAX_SIZE);
-    newProduction[0] = '\0';
-
-    int productionLength = strnlen(ls->production, STR_MAX_SIZE);
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < productionLength; i++)
-    {
-        char step = ls->production[i];
-        int remainingSpace = STR_MAX_SIZE - strnlen(newProduction, STR_MAX_SIZE) - 1;
-        switch (step)
-        {
-            case 'W': strncat(newProduction, ls->ruleW, remainingSpace); break;
-            case 'X': strncat(newProduction, ls->ruleX, remainingSpace); break;
-            case 'Y': strncat(newProduction, ls->ruleY, remainingSpace); break;
-            case 'Z': strncat(newProduction, ls->ruleZ, remainingSpace); break;
-            default:
-            {
-                if (step != 'F')
-                {
-                    int t = strnlen(newProduction, STR_MAX_SIZE);
-                    newProduction[t] = step;
-                    newProduction[t+1] = '\0';
-                }
-            } break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    ls->drawLength *= 0.5f;
-    strncpy(ls->production, newProduction, STR_MAX_SIZE);
-    free( newProduction );
-}
-
-void BuildPenroseLSystem(PenroseLSystem *ls, float drawLength, int generations)
-{
-    *ls = CreatePenroseLSystem(drawLength);
-    for (int i = 0; i < generations; i++)
-    {
-        BuildProductionStep(ls);
-    }
-}
+//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Module Functions Declaration
+//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+static void PushTurtleState(TurtleState state);
+static TurtleState PopTurtleState(void);
+static PenroseLSystem CreatePenroseLSystem(float drawLength);
+static void BuildProductionStep(PenroseLSystem *ls);
+static void BuildPenroseLSystem(PenroseLSystem *ls, float drawLength, int generations);
+static void DrawPenroseLSystem(PenroseLSystem *ls);
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Program main entry point
@@ -207,7 +70,7 @@ int main(void)
     const int screenWidth = 800;
     const int screenHeight = 450;
 
-    SetConfigFlags( FLAG_MSAA_4X_HINT );
+    SetConfigFlags(FLAG_MSAA_4X_HINT);
     InitWindow(screenWidth, screenHeight, "raylib [shapes] example - penrose tile");
 
     float drawLength = 460.0f;
@@ -216,7 +79,7 @@ int main(void)
     int generations = 0;
 
     PenroseLSystem ls = {0};
-    BuildPenroseLSystem(&ls, drawLength * (generations / (float) maxGenerations), generations);
+    BuildPenroseLSystem(&ls, drawLength*(generations/(float)maxGenerations), generations);
 
     SetTargetFPS(60);               // Set our game to run at 60 frames-per-second
     //---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -240,26 +103,25 @@ int main(void)
             if (generations > minGenerations)
             {
                 generations--;
-                rebuild = generations > 0;
+                if (generations > 0) rebuild = true;
             }
         }
-        if (rebuild)
-        {
-            BuildPenroseLSystem(&ls, drawLength * (generations / (float) maxGenerations), generations);
-        }
+        
+        if (rebuild) BuildPenroseLSystem(&ls, drawLength*(generations/(float)maxGenerations), generations);
         //----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
         // Draw
         //----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         BeginDrawing();
+        
             ClearBackground( RAYWHITE );
-            if (generations > 0)
-            {
-                DrawPenroseLSystem(&ls);
-            }
+            
+            if (generations > 0) DrawPenroseLSystem(&ls);
+            
             DrawText("penrose l-system", 10, 10, 20, DARKGRAY);
             DrawText("press up or down to change generations", 10, 30, 20, DARKGRAY);
             DrawText(TextFormat("generations: %d", generations), 10, 50, 20, DARKGRAY);
+            
         EndDrawing();
         //----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     }
@@ -271,3 +133,143 @@ int main(void)
 
     return 0;
 }
+
+//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Module Functions Definition
+//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+void PushTurtleState(TurtleState state)
+{
+    if (turtleTop < (TURTLE_STACK_MAX_SIZE - 1)) turtleStack[++turtleTop] = state;
+    else TraceLog(LOG_WARNING, "TURTLE STACK OVERFLOW!");
+}
+
+TurtleState PopTurtleState(void)
+{
+    if (turtleTop >= 0) return turtleStack[turtleTop--];
+    else TraceLog(LOG_WARNING, "TURTLE STACK UNDERFLOW!");
+
+    return (TurtleState){ 0 };
+}
+
+PenroseLSystem CreatePenroseLSystem(float drawLength)
+{
+    PenroseLSystem ls = {
+        .steps = 0,
+        .ruleW = "YF++ZF4-XF[-YF4-WF]++",
+        .ruleX = "+YF--ZF[3-WF--XF]+",
+        .ruleY = "-WF++XF[+++YF++ZF]-",
+        .ruleZ = "--YF++++WF[+ZF++++XF]--XF",
+        .drawLength = drawLength,
+        .theta = 36.0f // Degrees
+    };
+    
+    ls.production = (char *)RL_MALLOC(sizeof(char)*STR_MAX_SIZE);
+    ls.production[0] = '\0';
+    strncpy(ls.production, "[X]++[X]++[X]++[X]++[X]", STR_MAX_SIZE);
+    
+    return ls;
+}
+
+void BuildProductionStep(PenroseLSystem *ls)
+{
+    char *newProduction = (char *)RL_MALLOC(sizeof(char)*STR_MAX_SIZE);
+    newProduction[0] = '\0';
+
+    int productionLength = strnlen(ls->production, STR_MAX_SIZE);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < productionLength; i++)
+    {
+        char step = ls->production[i];
+        int remainingSpace = STR_MAX_SIZE - strnlen(newProduction, STR_MAX_SIZE) - 1;
+        switch (step)
+        {
+            case 'W': strncat(newProduction, ls->ruleW, remainingSpace); break;
+            case 'X': strncat(newProduction, ls->ruleX, remainingSpace); break;
+            case 'Y': strncat(newProduction, ls->ruleY, remainingSpace); break;
+            case 'Z': strncat(newProduction, ls->ruleZ, remainingSpace); break;
+            default:
+            {
+                if (step != 'F')
+                {
+                    int t = strnlen(newProduction, STR_MAX_SIZE);
+                    newProduction[t] = step;
+                    newProduction[t + 1] = '\0';
+                }
+            } break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ls->drawLength *= 0.5f;
+    strncpy(ls->production, newProduction, STR_MAX_SIZE);
+    
+    RL_FREE(newProduction);
+}
+
+void BuildPenroseLSystem(PenroseLSystem *ls, float drawLength, int generations)
+{
+    *ls = CreatePenroseLSystem(drawLength);
+    for (int i = 0; i < generations; i++) BuildProductionStep(ls);
+}
+
+void DrawPenroseLSystem(PenroseLSystem *ls)
+{
+    Vector2 screenCenter = { GetScreenWidth()/2, GetScreenHeight()/2 };
+
+    TurtleState turtle = {
+        .origin = {0},
+        .angle = -90.0f
+    };
+
+    int repeats = 1;
+    int productionLength = (int)strnlen(ls->production, STR_MAX_SIZE);
+    ls->steps += 12;
+    
+    if (ls->steps > productionLength) ls->steps = productionLength;
+    
+    for (int i = 0; i < ls->steps; i++)
+    {
+        char step = ls->production[i];
+        if (step == 'F')
+        {
+            for (int j = 0; j < repeats; j++)
+            {
+                Vector2 startPosWorld = turtle.origin;
+                float radAngle = DEG2RAD*turtle.angle;
+                turtle.origin.x += ls->drawLength*cosf(radAngle);
+                turtle.origin.y += ls->drawLength*sinf(radAngle);
+                Vector2 startPosScreen = { startPosWorld.x + screenCenter.x, startPosWorld.y + screenCenter.y };
+                Vector2 endPosScreen = { turtle.origin.x + screenCenter.x, turtle.origin.y + screenCenter.y };
+                
+                DrawLineEx(startPosScreen, endPosScreen, 2, Fade(BLACK, 0.2));
+            }
+            
+            repeats = 1;
+        } 
+        else if (step == '+')
+        {
+            for (int j = 0; j < repeats; j++) turtle.angle += ls->theta;
+
+            repeats = 1;
+        } 
+        else if (step == '-')
+        {
+            for (int j = 0; j < repeats; j++) turtle.angle += -ls->theta;
+
+            repeats = 1;
+        } 
+        else if (step == '[')
+        {
+            PushTurtleState(turtle);
+        } 
+        else if (step == ']')
+        {
+            turtle = PopTurtleState();
+        } 
+        else if ((step >= 48) && (step <= 57))
+        {
+            repeats = (int) step - 48;
+        }
+    }
+
+    turtleTop = -1;
+}

examples/text/resources/LICENSE.md

@@ -8,13 +8,15 @@
 | fonts/mecha.png                | Captain Falcon | [Freeware](https://www.dafont.com/es/mecha-cf.font)  |  Atlas created by [@raysan5](https://github.com/raysan5) |
 | fonts/pixelplay.png            | Aleksander Shevchuk | [Freeware](https://www.dafont.com/es/pixelplay.font)  |  Atlas created by [@raysan5](https://github.com/raysan5) |
 | fonts/pixantiqua.ttf           | Gerhard Großmann | [Freeware](https://www.dafont.com/es/pixantiqua.font)  |  Atlas created by [@raysan5](https://github.com/raysan5) |
-| anonymous_pro_bold.ttf         | [Mark Simonson](https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Anonymous+Pro) | [Open Font License](https://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=OFL) | - |
+| anonymous_pro_bold.ttf         | [Mark Simonson](https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Anonymous+Pro) | [SIL Open Font License](https://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=OFL) | - |
 | custom_alagard.png             | [Brian Kent (AEnigma)](https://www.dafont.com/es/aenigma.d188) | [Freeware](https://www.dafont.com/es/jupiter-crash.font) | Atlas created by [@raysan5](https://github.com/raysan5) |
 | custom_jupiter_crash.png       | [Brian Kent (AEnigma)](https://www.dafont.com/es/aenigma.d188) | [Freeware](https://www.dafont.com/es/jupiter-crash.font) | Atlas created by [@raysan5](https://github.com/raysan5) |
 | custom_mecha.png               | [Brian Kent (AEnigma)](https://www.dafont.com/es/aenigma.d188) | [Freeware](https://www.dafont.com/es/jupiter-crash.font) | Atlas created by [@raysan5](https://github.com/raysan5) |
 | dejavu.fnt, dejavu.png         | [DejaVu Fonts](https://dejavu-fonts.github.io/) | [Free](https://dejavu-fonts.github.io/License.html) | Atlas made with [BMFont](https://www.angelcode.com/products/bmfont/) by [@raysan5](https://github.com/raysan5) |
 | KAISG.ttf                      | [Dieter Steffmann](http://www.steffmann.de/wordpress/) | [Freeware](https://www.1001fonts.com/users/steffmann/) | [Kaiserzeit Gotisch](https://www.dafont.com/es/kaiserzeit-gotisch.font) font |
-| noto_cjk.fnt, noto_cjk.png     | [Google Fonts](https://www.google.com/get/noto/help/cjk/) |  [Open Font License](https://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=OFL) | Atlas made with [BMFont](https://www.angelcode.com/products/bmfont/) by [@raysan5](https://github.com/raysan5) |
+| noto_cjk.fnt, noto_cjk.png     | [Google Fonts](https://www.google.com/get/noto/help/cjk/) |  [SIL Open Font License](https://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=OFL) | Atlas made with [BMFont](https://www.angelcode.com/products/bmfont/) by [@raysan5](https://github.com/raysan5) |
 | pixantiqua.fnt, pixantiqua.png | Gerhard Großmann | [Freeware](https://www.dafont.com/es/pixantiqua.font) | Atlas made with [BMFont](https://www.angelcode.com/products/bmfont/) by [@raysan5](https://github.com/raysan5) |
 | pixantiqua.ttf                 | Gerhard Großmann | [Freeware](https://www.dafont.com/es/pixantiqua.font) | - |
 | symbola.fnt, symbola.png       | George Douros | [Freeware](https://fontlibrary.org/en/font/symbola) | Atlas made with [BMFont](https://www.angelcode.com/products/bmfont/) by [@raysan5](https://github.com/raysan5) |
+| DotGothic16-Regular.ttf        | [The DotGothic16 Project Authors](https://github.com/fontworks-fonts/DotGothic16) | [Open Font License](https://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=OFL) | - |
+| NotoSansTC-Regular.ttf         | [Adobe](http://www.adobe.com/) | [SIL Open Font License](https://openfontlicense.org/documents/OFL.txt) | - |

src/platforms/rcore_desktop_glfw.c

@@ -265,8 +265,15 @@ void ToggleBorderlessWindowed(void)
                 const int monitorHeight = mode->height;
 
                 // Set screen position and size
-                glfwSetWindowPos(platform.handle, monitorPosX, monitorPosY);
-                glfwSetWindowSize(platform.handle, monitorWidth, monitorHeight);
+                glfwSetWindowMonitor(
+                    platform.handle,
+                    monitors[monitor],
+                    monitorPosX,
+                    monitorPosY,
+                    monitorWidth,
+                    monitorHeight,
+                    mode->refreshRate
+                );
 
                 // Refocus window
                 glfwFocusWindow(platform.handle);
@@ -281,8 +288,15 @@ void ToggleBorderlessWindowed(void)
 
                 // Return previous screen size and position
                 // NOTE: The order matters here, it must set size first, then set position, otherwise the screen will be positioned incorrectly
-                glfwSetWindowSize(platform.handle,  CORE.Window.previousScreen.width, CORE.Window.previousScreen.height);
-                glfwSetWindowPos(platform.handle, CORE.Window.previousPosition.x, CORE.Window.previousPosition.y);
+                glfwSetWindowMonitor(
+                    platform.handle,
+                    NULL,
+                    CORE.Window.previousPosition.x,
+                    CORE.Window.previousPosition.y,
+                    CORE.Window.previousScreen.width,
+                    CORE.Window.previousScreen.height,
+            	    mode->refreshRate
+            	);
 
                 // Refocus window
                 glfwFocusWindow(platform.handle);

src/platforms/rcore_drm.c

@@ -1865,7 +1865,7 @@ static void ProcessKeyboard(void)
 }
 #endif  // SUPPORT_SSH_KEYBOARD_RPI
 
-// Initialise user input from evdev(/dev/input/event<N>)
+// Initialize user input from evdev(/dev/input/event<N>)
 // this means mouse, keyboard or gamepad devices
 static void InitEvdevInput(void)
 {
@@ -1873,7 +1873,7 @@ static void InitEvdevInput(void)
     DIR *directory = NULL;
     struct dirent *entity = NULL;
 
-    // Initialise keyboard file descriptor
+    // Initialize keyboard file descriptor
     platform.keyboardFd = -1;
     platform.mouseFd = -1;
 

src/rcore.c

@@ -4308,12 +4308,12 @@ const char *TextFormat(const char *text, ...)
     int requiredByteCount = vsnprintf(currentBuffer, MAX_TEXT_BUFFER_LENGTH, text, args);
     va_end(args);
 
-    // If requiredByteCount is larger than the MAX_TEXT_BUFFER_LENGTH, then overflow occured
+    // If requiredByteCount is larger than the MAX_TEXT_BUFFER_LENGTH, then overflow occurred
     if (requiredByteCount >= MAX_TEXT_BUFFER_LENGTH)
     {
         // Inserting "..." at the end of the string to mark as truncated
         char *truncBuffer = buffers[index] + MAX_TEXT_BUFFER_LENGTH - 4; // Adding 4 bytes = "...\0"
-        sprintf(truncBuffer, "...");
+        snprintf(truncBuffer, 4, "...");
     }
 
     index += 1;     // Move to next buffer for next function call

src/rtext.c

@@ -1524,12 +1524,12 @@ const char *TextFormat(const char *text, ...)
     int requiredByteCount = vsnprintf(currentBuffer, MAX_TEXT_BUFFER_LENGTH, text, args);
     va_end(args);
 
-    // If requiredByteCount is larger than the MAX_TEXT_BUFFER_LENGTH, then overflow occured
+    // If requiredByteCount is larger than the MAX_TEXT_BUFFER_LENGTH, then overflow occurred
     if (requiredByteCount >= MAX_TEXT_BUFFER_LENGTH)
     {
         // Inserting "..." at the end of the string to mark as truncated
         char *truncBuffer = buffers[index] + MAX_TEXT_BUFFER_LENGTH - 4; // Adding 4 bytes = "...\0"
-        sprintf(truncBuffer, "...");
+        snprintf(truncBuffer, 4, "...");
     }
 
     index += 1;     // Move to next buffer for next function call