diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index e69de29..f938798 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,306 @@ +# zig_units + +**Compile-time dimensional analysis for Zig.** + +`zig_units` lets you attach physical units to numeric values so that +dimension mismatches become *compile errors* rather than silent bugs. +At runtime a `Quantity` is nothing but a single number — zero overhead. + +``` +velocity = distance / time → L¹T⁻¹ ✓ +force = mass + velocity → compile error: M¹ ≠ L¹T⁻¹ +``` + +Requires **Zig 0.16** or later. + +--- + +## Features + +- Seven SI base dimensions (`L M T I Tp N J`) +- Full SI prefix support (`P T G M k h da d c m u n p f`) +- Custom time aliases (`.min`, `.hour`, `.year`) +- Automatic scale conversion on add/sub (finer unit wins) +- `Quantity(T, dims, scales)` — scalar, any numeric backing type +- `QuantityVec3` — three-component vector with the same guarantees +- Unicode superscript formatting (`9.81m.s⁻²`) +- Integer-safe square root for `Vec3.length()` +- All dimension tracking happens at `comptime` — no runtime cost + +--- + +## Installation + +### Add as a Zig dependency + +```bash +zig fetch --save https://github.com/YOUR_USERNAME/zig_units/archive/refs/heads/main.tar.gz +``` + +This adds an entry to your `build.zig.zon`. Then wire it up in your +`build.zig`: + +```zig +const zig_units = b.dependency("zig_units", .{ + .target = target, + .optimize = optimize, +}); +my_module.addImport("zig_units", zig_units.module("zig_units")); +``` + +### Local path (monorepo / development) + +```zig +// build.zig.zon +.dependencies = .{ + .zig_units = .{ .path = "../zig_units" }, +}, +``` + +--- + +## Quick start + +```zig +const units = @import("zig_units"); +const Quantity = units.Quantity; +const Dims = units.Dimensions; +const Scales = units.Scales; + +// Define named unit types +const Meter = Quantity(f32, Dims.init(.{ .L = 1 }), Scales.init(.{})); +const KiloMeter= Quantity(f32, Dims.init(.{ .L = 1 }), Scales.init(.{ .L = .k })); +const Second = Quantity(f32, Dims.init(.{ .T = 1 }), Scales.init(.{})); +const MPerSec = Quantity(f32, Dims.init(.{ .L = 1, .T = -1 }), Scales.init(.{})); + +const dist = Meter{ .value = 100.0 }; +const t = Second{ .value = 5.0 }; + +// Dimension is tracked automatically — vel has type L¹T⁻¹ +const vel = dist.divBy(t); + +// Convert to an explicit type (same dims required, compile error otherwise) +const vel2 = vel.to(MPerSec); + +// Cross-scale addition: km + m → result in metres (finer scale) +const km = KiloMeter{ .value = 1.0 }; +const sum = km.add(dist); // 1100 m +``` + +--- + +## API reference + +### `Quantity(T, dims, scales)` + +| Member | Kind | Description | +|---|---|---| +| `value` | field | The raw numeric value | +| `ValueType` | comptime | Alias for `T` | +| `dims` | comptime | The `Dimensions` of this type | +| `scales` | comptime | The `Scales` of this type | +| `Vec3` | comptime | The matching `QuantityVec3` type | +| `add(rhs)` | fn | Same-dimension addition, finer scale | +| `sub(rhs)` | fn | Same-dimension subtraction, finer scale | +| `mulBy(rhs)` | fn | Multiplication, dims are added | +| `divBy(rhs)` | fn | Division, dims are subtracted | +| `scale(s: T)` | fn | Dimensionless scalar multiply | +| `to(Dest)` | fn | Convert to another `Quantity` type (same dims) | +| `vec3()` | fn | Broadcast scalar to a `Vec3` | +| `format(writer)` | fn | Print `value + unit string` | + +### `QuantityVec3` + +Obtained via `SomeQuantity.Vec3`. + +| Member | Kind | Description | +|---|---|---| +| `x, y, z` | fields | The three components | +| `zero` | comptime | `(0, 0, 0)` | +| `one` | comptime | `(1, 1, 1)` | +| `initDefault(v)` | fn | Broadcast scalar to all components | +| `add(rhs)` | fn | Component-wise addition | +| `sub(rhs)` | fn | Component-wise subtraction | +| `mulBy(rhs)` | fn | Component-wise element-wise multiply | +| `divBy(rhs)` | fn | Component-wise element-wise divide | +| `mulByScalar(q)` | fn | Multiply by a scalar `Quantity` | +| `divByScalar(q)` | fn | Divide by a scalar `Quantity` | +| `scale(s: T)` | fn | Dimensionless scalar multiply | +| `negate()` | fn | Negate all components | +| `to(DestQ)` | fn | Convert to another vector quantity type | +| `lengthSqr()` | fn | Squared Euclidean length (no sqrt) | +| `length()` | fn | Euclidean length (integer-safe) | +| `format(writer)` | fn | Print `(x, y, z) + unit string` | + +### `Dimensions` + +A comptime struct storing a signed exponent per SI base dimension. + +```zig +const Dims = @import("zig_units").Dimensions; + +// Acceleration: L¹ T⁻² +const accel_dims = Dims.init(.{ .L = 1, .T = -2 }); +``` + +| Function | Description | +|---|---| +| `init(struct_literal)` | Create from named exponents; unset dims default to 0 | +| `initFill(val: i8)` | Set all exponents to `val` | +| `get(dim)` | Read a single exponent | +| `set(dim, val)` | Write a single exponent | +| `add(a, b)` | Component-wise sum (for `mulBy`) | +| `sub(a, b)` | Component-wise difference (for `divBy`) | +| `eql(a, b)` | Equality check | +| `str()` | Comptime human-readable string, e.g. `"L1T-2"` | + +### `Scales` + +A comptime struct storing a `UnitScale` per SI base dimension. + +```zig +const Scales = @import("zig_units").Scales; + +// Kilometres per nanosecond +const spd_scales = Scales.init(.{ .L = .k, .T = .n }); +``` + +| `UnitScale` variant | Factor | +|---|---| +| `.P` | ×10¹⁵ | +| `.T` | ×10¹² | +| `.G` | ×10⁹ | +| `.M` | ×10⁶ | +| `.k` | ×10³ | +| `.h` | ×10² | +| `.da` | ×10¹ | +| `.none` | ×1 | +| `.d` | ×10⁻¹ | +| `.c` | ×10⁻² | +| `.m` | ×10⁻³ | +| `.u` | ×10⁻⁶ | +| `.n` | ×10⁻⁹ | +| `.p` | ×10⁻¹² | +| `.f` | ×10⁻¹⁵ | +| `.min` | ×60 (seconds) | +| `.hour` | ×3 600 | +| `.year` | ×31 536 000 | + +--- + +## Examples + +### Kinematics + +```zig +const Meter = Quantity(f64, Dims.init(.{ .L = 1 }), Scales.init(.{})); +const Second = Quantity(f64, Dims.init(.{ .T = 1 }), Scales.init(.{})); + +const pos = Meter{ .value = 200.0 }; +const time = Second{ .value = 8.0 }; + +const vel = pos.divBy(time); // L¹T⁻¹ — 25 m/s +const accel = vel.divBy(time); // L¹T⁻² — 3.125 m/s² +``` + +### Cross-scale addition + +```zig +const KM = Quantity(i64, Dims.init(.{ .L = 1 }), Scales.init(.{ .L = .k })); +const M = Quantity(i64, Dims.init(.{ .L = 1 }), Scales.init(.{})); + +const a = KM{ .value = 2 }; // 2 km +const b = M{ .value = 500 }; // 500 m + +const sum = a.add(b); // result scale = metres (finer) → 2500 m +``` + +### Time conversion + +```zig +const Hour = Quantity(i64, Dims.init(.{ .T = 1 }), Scales.init(.{ .T = .hour })); +const Minute = Quantity(i64, Dims.init(.{ .T = 1 }), Scales.init(.{ .T = .min })); +const Second = Quantity(i64, Dims.init(.{ .T = 1 }), Scales.init(.{})); + +const h = Hour{ .value = 2 }; +const min = h.to(Minute); // 120 +const sec = min.to(Second); // 7200 +``` + +### Vec3 velocity + +```zig +const Meter = Quantity(f32, Dims.init(.{ .L = 1 }), Scales.init(.{})); +const Second = Quantity(f32, Dims.init(.{ .T = 1 }), Scales.init(.{})); + +const pos = Meter.Vec3{ .x = 30.0, .y = 60.0, .z = 90.0 }; +const time = Second{ .value = 3.0 }; + +const vel = pos.divByScalar(time); // Vec3 with dims L¹T⁻¹ +const dist = vel.length(); // Euclidean length +``` + +### Dimension mismatch — compile error + +```zig +const Meter = Quantity(f32, Dims.init(.{ .L = 1 }), Scales.init(.{})); +const Second = Quantity(f32, Dims.init(.{ .T = 1 }), Scales.init(.{})); + +const d = Meter{ .value = 5.0 }; +const t = Second{ .value = 2.0 }; + +// This will NOT compile: +const bad = d.add(t); // error: Dimension mismatch in add: L1 vs T1 +``` + +--- + +## Running the tests + +```bash +zig build test +``` + +The test suite covers scalar and vector arithmetic, cross-scale operations, +conversion chains, negative values, formatting, and an optional benchmark +(`"Comprehensive Benchmark: All Ops × All Types"`). + +--- + +## Project layout + +``` +zig_units/ +├── build.zig # Build script; exposes the "zig_units" module +├── build.zig.zon # Package manifest +├── src/ +│ ├── main.zig # Quantity, QuantityVec3, tests +│ ├── Dimensions.zig # SI base dimensions + comptime arithmetic +│ ├── Scales.zig # SI prefixes + scale helpers +│ └── helper.zig # Internal utilities (isInt, printSuperscript) +└── README.md +``` + +--- + +## Design notes + +**Why comptime parameters?** Zig's `comptime` means the compiler can +evaluate all dimension arithmetic before any machine code is generated. +Two quantities with mismatched dimensions simply fail to compile — +there is no runtime overhead and no need for exception handling. + +**Scale selection on arithmetic.** When two operands have different +scales (e.g. km and m), `zig_units` automatically picks the finer +(smaller-factor) scale for the result. This prevents silent precision +loss at the cost of an automatic rescaling of both operands. + +**Integer backing types.** Division uses an `f64` intermediate and +rounds back to the integer type. For best accuracy, prefer `f32`/`f64` +for quantities that will be divided frequently. + +--- + +## License + +MIT — see `LICENSE` for details.